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Placing price action into a manageable context is an essential part of crafting strong trading decisions. To accomplish this task, many traders rely upon technical analysis. Through the study of past and present price action, technicians can build strategies designed to capitalise on favourable market conditions. Range trading is an exceedingly popular category of such strategies. Market structure comes in two basic forms: trending and range bound. Trending markets are…

What Are Fintechs? "Fintech," which is short for "financial technology," refers to companies that have infiltrated the financial services industry. Typically, they offer electronic banking, investments, payment and budgeting services and products to consumers and businesses through the internet and mobile phones, and not through traditional brick-and-mortar branches. Fintechs that offer banking products such as checking and savings accounts and debit and credit cards are also called "challenger" banks, particularly…

What Is A SPAC? A special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) is a shell company that raises money in an initial public offering (IPO) with the purpose of eventually buying an as-yet-to-be-determined private company. Essentially, investors provide money to the sponsors of the SPAC so that they can quickly acquire a company they believe is a good investment. SPACs are often called "blank check" companies because investors really don't know what…

What Is A Zero Coupon Bond? Zero coupon bonds are bonds that pay no interest at regular intervals like traditional bonds do. Rather, zeros are sold at a deep discount to their maturity or face value. As the bonds get closer to their face value over time, they accumulate interest, and the investor receives the full face amount at maturity. For example, a zero coupon bond with a face value…

What Is A Write Down? A write down (also written as "writedown") is an accounting procedure in which a company reduces the value of an asset on its balance sheet to reflect its current, lower market value. A write down is also included on the company's income statement as an expense, which reduces its operating income. Write downs occur in all types of companies, although they may occur more often…

What Is A Loan Loss Provision? A loan loss provision is an amount of money a bank charges to its expenses on its income statement in anticipation that some of the loans it made will default. As a result, loan loss provisions reduce the bank's operating income. In 2020, loan loss provisions have been much in the news as many of the world's banks have announced major loan loss provisions…

What Are Investment-grade Bonds? Investment-grade bonds—also known as "high-grade" bonds—are debt securities issued by corporations and municipal governments that are generally considered to have a low risk of default. Bonds in this category are generally rated Baa or better by Moody's Investors Services and BBB or higher by S&P Global Ratings and Fitch Ratings, the three main credit rating agencies. By contrast, bonds rated below these designations are called non-investment…

What Are Animal Spirits? "Animal spirits" is a term coined by the British economist John Maynard Keynes to describe emotional or "gut" instincts by investors and businesspeople to take risks rather than based on any empirical evidence. Writing in his 1936 classic, "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money," during the Great Depression, Keynes described animal spirits as "a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as…

What Is A Junk Bond? Junk bonds are debt securities issued by corporations with poor credit ratings, which means they yield more than investment-grade bonds because of their greater risk of default. Junk bonds are also known as high-yield or non-investment-grade bonds. Junk bonds are generally classified as having credit ratings below Baa by Moody's Investors Services and BBB by S&P Global Ratings and Fitch Ratings, the three main credit…

What Is Yield Spread? The yield spread is the difference in yield between two different bonds. Investors use the yield spread to measure the relative value of two different securities, particularly as it pertains to credit quality but also to liquidity and supply, which can influence bond prices and yields. Yield spread is measured in basis points. Most commonly, yield spread is measured against a benchmark, usually the yield on…

What Are Annuities? An annuity is a contract in which an insurance company agrees to pay out a guaranteed sum of money to an investor, called the annuitant, for a specified period. The investor hands over a sum of money, either in a lump sum or over a period of time, to the insurance company, which agrees to make payments, usually monthly or quarterly, to the investor. Payout periods can…